Sensors are electronic components that detect and measure physical parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, motion, distance, light intensity, and environmental gases. They convert real-world stimuli into electrical signals, enabling microcontrollers and embedded systems to perceive and respond to their surroundings.

Common types include:

• Proximity and Distance Sensors (Ultrasonic, IR)

• Environmental Sensors (Temperature, Humidity, Gas)

• Motion Sensors (Accelerometers, Gyroscopes)

• Light Sensors (LDR, Photodiodes)

Sensors are integral in IoT applications, automation systems, robotics, and consumer electronics, offering reliable data acquisition for monitoring and control tasks.